Kes on kes + Ära lase silmist: eestikeelsed subtiitrid

Ära lase silmist
La course à l'échalote 
The Wild Goose Chase

Prantsusmaa 1975 (peaosas Pierre Richard)

Vajutage siia, et tõmmata eestikeelsed subtiitrid.

Kes on kes?
Flic ou voyou 
Cop or Hood

Prantsusmaa 1979 (peaosas Jean-Paul Belmondo)

Vajutage siia, et tõmmata eestikeelsed subtiitrid.

Need on kaks prantsuskeelset filmi, mis 1980-ndate aastate esimesel poolel Eestis kinodes jooksid. Mitu aastat tagasi otsisin ma nendele mõnes arusaadavas keeles subtiitreid, kuid ei leidnud ühtegi, isegi mitte müügil. Seetõttu olin sunnitud need ise tegema, et neid vaimustavaid filme vaadata saaksin.

«Ära lase silmist» õnnestus mul osta ainult tšehhikeelsete subtiitritega DVD. Ma teisendasin need Google Translate'i abil inglise keelde. Saadud pseudoingliskeelsed subtiitrid tõlkisin nii hästi, kui oskasin, eesti keelde, kasutades ka seda, mida ma filmi kinos vaatamisest mäletasin. Siis kuulasin filmi vene keelde dubleeritud versiooni ja parandasin subtiitreid selle järgi. Siis vaatasin filmi mõne sekundi haaval läbi, korrigeerides subtiitrite algus- ja lõpuaegu, mis ametlikes subtiitrites olid ikka väga lohakalt tehtud. Nendes vähestes kohtades, kus ma prantsuse keelest aru sain, parandasin tõlget ka selle järgi.

Ma vaatasin, et subclub.eu saidile on praeguseks juba ilmunud kellegi teise eestikeelsed subtiitrid. Neid nägin ma esimest korda alles tänavu, ja oma subtiitreid ei ole ma enda teada varem avaldanud, nii et need kaks tõlget on teineteisest täiesti sõltumatud.

Filmist «Kes on kes?» ei leidnud ma müügil mitte mingisuguste subtiitritega DVD'd, kuid õnneks õnnestus mul tõmmata subtiitrid kahes keeles – kui ma ei eksi, siis tšehhi ja rumeenia. Edasi läks sama protseduur: Google Translate'iga pseudoinglise keelde, see ise eesti keelde, venekeelne dublaaž, algus- ja lõpuaegade korrigeerimine ning kohati abiks omaenda kasin prantsuse keel. Muide, huvitav on märkida, et kahe gangsterijõugu kokkuleppe kohta kasutab Prantsuse politseikomissar väljendit «pättide Jalta», aga venelased on «Jalta» asemel tõlkinud «Müncheni kokkulepe». Mina tõlkisin muidugi «Jalta», nagu on originaalis.

Kellel on tahtmist ja võimalust, levitage palun neid subtiitreid.

Väga võimalik, et nende kahe filmi ametlikud subtiitrid, mis omal ajal kino jaoks tehti, on praegu veel kuskil arhiivis alles. On kahju, et totrate kopiraidiseaduste tõttu ollakse sunnitud avalikkuse eest varjama loomingut, millel ilmselt mingit kommertsväärtust ei ole.

Ma kasutan juhust, et heietada siin natuke subclub.eu teemal. Ma registreerusin sinna ja olin juba ülalnimetatud subtiitreid üles panemas, kuid lugedes kasutamisjuhistest neid arvukaid ähvardusi sellest, kuidas eksimine selle või teise reegli vastu toob kaasa subtiitrite kustutamise, tekkis mul lõpuks reaktsioon: «Aga minge õige persse. Justkui mul teid vaja oleks!»

See, mismoodi subclu.eu tegijad oma kasutajate poole pöörduvad, kõlab nagu «Minu uksekella helistades pead sa hoidma oma jalalabad teineteise suhtes täpselt 60-kraadise nurga all. Vasaku käe sõrmed peavad olema sirged ja osutama allapoole. Su pilk peab olema suunatud ukse peal olevale punasele sõõrile. Kui sa neid reegleid ei täida, siis ei lase ma sind sisse, vaid sülitan sulle näkku ja panen ukse jälle kinni.» Heakene küll, kui selline on su suhtumine oma külalistesse, siis ma ei tulegi sulle külla.

Ma tahan öelda seda, et subclub.eu ei ole mingi prestiižne tsikliklubi, mille ukselt on alatasa vaja rämpsu eemale peksta. See on sait, kus inimesed jagavad teistega tasuta oma loomingut. Sellepärast oleks loogiline, et saidi tegijad näitaksid üles kui mitte just tänulikkust, siis vähemalt ei teeks ennast nii tähtsaks. Kui sul on ühele filmile 20 eri subtiitriversiooni, siis tasub jah viletsamad välja selekteerida ja uusi pakkujaid tõrjuda, aga kui sul ei ole filmile üldse mingeid subtiitreid olemas, siis on jabur pakutav hüljata üksnes põhjusel, et mõni üherealine subtiiter on lühem kui 2 sekundit. (Muide, ma olen kohanud päris paljusid olukordi, kus 2 sekundit ei mängi kuidagi välja muudmoodi kui kolme repliiki kahte ritta pressides, ja see mulle ei meeldi. Mina olen endale kehtestanud reegli, et väldin, kui vähegi saan, pikkust alla 1,6 sek, ning sellele lisaks lasen programmil otsida kohti, kus aja ja tekstipikkuse suhe on liiga väike, ning seal teen teksti lühemaks.)

Teiseks, mis jaburus on see kahe formaadi valik? SubRip on arvutiprogramm, mitte subtiitriformaadi nimi. Subtiitriformaadid on:

1) srt

2) sub+idx

3) sub, mis ei nõua idx'i

4) sup

5) ass

ja võib-olla mõni eksootiline formaat veel.

Srt-laiendiga subtiitreid saab teha tavalise tekstiredaktoriga. Mingit SubRip'i selleks vaja ei ole.

Muidugi ei taha ükski normaalne inimene oma saidile sellist perverssust nagu ass-formaadis subtiitrid, aga valikumenüüs võiksid ikkagi olla arusaadavad formaadinimetused. Rääkimata «pisiasjast», et on mõttetu ajada kasutajaid segadusse nõudega fps sisestada, sest ülekaalukalt populaarseim subtiitriformaat *.srt ei sõltu fps'st.

Enamik nõudmisi subclub.eu saidil on iseenesest mõistlikud, ning ma kujutan ka ette, kuidas tegijatel võib olla kõrini sellest, et osa kasutajatest laeb üles lohakalt tehtud ja vigaseid subtiitreid, aga mõni teine sait, kus on subtiitreid sadu kordi rohkem, oskab kuidagimoodi hakkama saada ilma subtiitripakkujaid algusest peale selge vaenulikkusega kohtlemata.

Рассказываем по-эстонски о семье и работе

isa, isa, isa – отец

ema, ema, ema – мать

vanem, vanema, vanemat – родитель

vanemad, vanemate, vanemaid – родители

vend, venna, venda – брат

õde, õe, õde – сестра

onu, onu, onu – дядя

tädi, tädi, tädi – тётя

vanaisa – дедушка

vanaema – бабушка

laps, lapse, last – ребёнок

poeg, poja, poega – сын

tütar, tütre, tütart – дочь

lapselaps – внук

onupoeg – сын дяди

onutütar – дочь дяди

tädipoeg – сын тёти

täditütar – дочь тёти

abielu, -elu, -elu – брак

vabaabielu – гражданский брак

mees, mehe, meest – мужчина, муж

naine, naise, naist – женщина, жена

peigmees – жених

pruut, pruudi, pruuti – невеста

(Раньше словами pruut и peigmees обозначали и просто людей в близких отношениях (её парень/его девушка), но сегодня мы уже так не говорим.)

abielus – женат, замужем

vabaabielus – в гражданском браке

vallaline – неженатый, незамужняя

lahutatud – разведён, разведена

lesk – вдовец, вдова

väimees – зять

minia, minia, miniat – невестка

äi, äia(II), äia(III) – тесть, свёкор

ämm, ämma(II), ämma(III) – тёща, свекровь

sõber, sõbra, sõpra – друг

sõbranna (ударение: sõbrAnna), sõbranna, sõbrannat – подруга (женщины)

tuttav, tuttava, tuttavat – знакомый, знакомая

poiss, poisi, poissi – мальчик

tüdruk, tüdruku, tüdrukut – девочка

noormees – молодой человек, парень, юноша

kutt, kuti, kutti – парень (в разговорном языке)

neiu, neiu, neiut – девушка

(NB! Слова noormees и neiu означают только молодых мужчин и женщин. Сожителей никогда так не называют и к официанткам так не обращаются.)

кто?       чей?

mina      minu

sina       sinu

tema      tema

meie      meie

teie        teie

nemad   nende

minu õde – моя сестра

nende ema – их мать

teie poeg – ваш сын

итд.

Kas sul õdesid-vendi on? – Есть ли у тебя братья и/или сёстры?

Kas sul lapsi on? – Есть ли у тебя дети?

Kas sa oled abielus? – Ты женат/замужем?

vanem, vanema, vanemat – старший, старше

noorem, noorema, nooremat – младший, младше

meie noorem vend – наш младший брат

sinu vanem tütar – твоя старшая дочь

Заметьте, что слово vanem одновременно имя существительное (родитель, также староста) и стравнительная степень имени прилагательного vana (старый).

Minu vanemad on minust vanemad. – Мои родители старше меня.

Также учитывайте, что слитное и раздельное написание слов может менять значение:

minu vana isa – мой старый отец

minu vanaisa – мой дедушка

Слова mees и naine означают и супруг и сожителей.

minu mees – мой муж, мой сожитель

minu naine – моя жена, моя сожительница

Если хочешь подчеркнуть, зарегистрированы вы или нет, тогда будет:

minu abikaasa – мой супруг, моя супруга

minu elukaaslane – мой сожитель, моя сожительница

Фразы teie abikaasa и teie elukaaslane звучат формальнее, вежливее, почтительнее, чем teie mees/naine.

Мой парень, моя девушка можно сказать по-разному (и удобного термина для этого в эстонском языке вообще не существует; я лично использую английские слова boyfriend и girlfriend).

У мужчин будет:

minu naine – когда живут вместе

minu tüdruk – когда не живут вместе или ещё не долго живут вместе или они очень молодые

У женщин будет:

minu mees – когда живут вместе или даже не живут вместе, но она хочет подчеркнуть, что они принадлежат друг другу

minu elukaaslane – когда живут вместе, но она ещё не чувствует себя очень связанной

minu sõber/kutt/peika/kavaler – когда не живут вместе

minu poiss – когда очень молодые

Когда женщина скажет üks sõber (üks sõber rääkis mulle... – один мой друг рассказал мне...), то это просто мужской друг. А sõber без каких-либо уточнений означает, что это её парень (или почти).

töö – работа

töökoht, -koha, -kohta – место работы

amet – должность, работа

elukutse – профессия

töötama – работать

mina töötan

sina töötad

tema töötab

meie töötame

teie töötate

nemad töötavad

mina töötasin – я работал(а)

sina töötasid

tema töötas

meie töötasime

teie töötasite

nemad töötasid

tööl käima – ходить на работу (mina käin tööl, sina käid tööl...)

                           профессия                  работаю кем?

архитектор           arhitekt                       arhitektina

бухгалтер            raamatupidaja              raamatupidajana

врач                    arst                             arstina

дипломат             diplomaat                    diplomaadina

журналист           ajakirjanik                    ajakirjanikuna

инженер              insener                        insenerina

переводчик          tõlkija                          tõlkijana

повар                  kokk                            kokana

пожарный            tuletõrjuja                     tuletõrjujana

программист        programmeerija            programmeerijana

строитель            ehitaja                         ehitajana

учитель               õpetaja                        õpetajana

шофёр                 autojuht                       autojuhina

чиновник             ametnik                       ametnikuna

юрист                  jurist                            juristina

Tema vend on ajakirjanik. = Его брат – журналист.

Meie ema töötab arstina. = Наша мать работает врачом.

Эстонские названия профессий можно найти при помощи либо Википедии или большого словаря Института эстонского языка.

pension – пенсия

pensionil – на пенсии

pensionär – пенсионер

Minu tädi on seitsmekümne ühe aastane. Ta ei tööta enam. Ta on pensionil. Varem töötas ta raamatupidajana. Aga minu kuuekümneaastane isa käib veel tööl. Ta on ametnik.

Moей тёте 71 год. Она больше не работает. Она на пенсии. Раньше она работала бухгалтером. А мой 60-летний отец ещё ходит на работу. Он – чиновник.

 

Список моих статей на русском языке

 

Если Вы найдёте на этой странице ошибки по русскому языку или если у Вас есть идеи, как сформулировать что-то иначе, так чтобы это было понятнее для учащихся, напишите, пожалуйста, комментарий.

 
 
 
 

Why language is more important than other things

When I was living in Germany back in the 1990's, I happened to participate in a discussion concerning minorities. Minorities are one of the most sacrosanct things and a popular discussion topic in Germany.

It rather rubbed me the wrong way how the German participants were treating all the minorities the same way – as if ethnic, religious, cultural, lifestyle and whatever minorites had essentially the same needs and required essentially the same kind and level of protection. I tried to explain that linguistic minorities were completely different from any other type of minorities. The Germans argued that it was not the case – when a person is not allowed to practice his religion, he can feel just as bad as when he isn't allowed to use his language, they said.

It was perfectly clear to me how that argument was mistaken, but unfortunately my knowledge of German was nowhere near sufficient to make it clear to the other participants, which is why I had to stop arguing, leaving the Germans believing they had convinced me. Which ironically proves exactly my point.

Religion is not a necessity. Not to deny that many people are ready to kill and die for their religion, it is an undeniable fact that there are many people in the world who do survive perfectly well without believing in any supernatural beings whatsoever.

Language is a necessity. No human being can lead an even remotely normal human being's life among other human beings without being proficient in at least one human language. (With the obvious exception of infants whose needs are being taken care of by adults.)

Discrimination by religion, political views, sexual orientation, clothing – that is all a matter of choice. Psychologically hard as it may be to some, every person has the ability to treat people of different religions, origins, social backgrounds etc. equally or unequally.

Discrimination by language is something that occurs automatically. When you are not proficient in the official language, you lose arguments, you can't defend your rights in government institutions, you might not understand a disaster warning. The people of the ruling ethnic group may not intend to discriminate against you. Indeed they may be enthusiastic supporters of minority rights. When you are feeling ill, they might be eager to help you. Unfortunately, they just won't know what you need, because they can't communicate with you, BECAUSE YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER'S LANGUAGES.

I don't know if homosexuality is hereditary or acquired. But even if we assume that one is born homosexual, one still has the choice to have sex or not, just as heterosexual people do. It may often require more willpower than one has, but in principle, one has the choice. With the language, you don't have any choice whatsoever. When you have to fill out an official form in Urdu and you don't know Urdu, no willpower in the world will enable you to understand where you have to write what. If the official doesn't speak anything but Urdu, no love and compassion in the world will enable him to explain to you where you have to write what – nor give you the ability to write in Urdu.

Justin McCarthy's extremely interesting book "The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire" presents the best (I've seen so far) case against nationalism and the concept of ethnicity-based sovereign states. His argumentation on this topic is logical and convincing – as well as utterly wrong because he has clearly no idea what he is talking about.

Indulging himself in theoretizing, Mr. McCarthy tells us how the claim that the people belonging to one ethnic group share common ancestors is more often than not a myth, and thoroughly trashes the idea that people who pray to the same god, wear similar dresses and celebrate the same holidays must separate themselves by a barbed-wire fence from the people who pray to a different god, wear different dresses and celebrate different holidays. An imperialist to the core, Justin McCarthy insists that the Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians and Greeks were living more or less happily in the Ottoman Empire, and praises the ethnic nihilism of the USA, where everyone's right to love their native language is fully honoured, no matter which one it is.

Justin MacCarthy misses completely the main point – language and its role in the human life. He has clearly no idea what it's like to get a bad grade, not because you don't know the right answer, but because you are unable to express it in the language of instruction. He has clearly no idea what it feels like to have to explain your health problem to a doctor who does not understand your language. He has clearly no idea what it feels like to have to, day after day, year after year, buy your food at a shop where all signs are in a language you can't read.

Indeed, love for one's native language is all that countries like the USA, UK, France or Germany would grant to their ethnic minorities, as virtually all speaking and writing has to be conducted in the official language. (That is with the exception of occasional multilingual signs they put up to show how tolerant and open-minded they are.)

Have you ever tried to buy a train ticket in China? Visualize a huge hall with a dozen windows, tens of people in the line at each. Every single sign is written in Chinese. The huge electronic message board is filled with information from which you can understand only numbers, all the text being written with Chinese characters. Without knowledge of Chinese, how will you find out which line you need to get into? How will you explain to the ticket vendor what it is you want? Should she ask something, what will you answer?

Mr. McCarthy's arguments about common ancestry and national dresses are convincing, yet completely off the point. It won't help you any if all the people in the station practiced the same religion as you, wore the same national dress as you, ate the same tradional foods as you do, or, for that matter, had the common great-great-grandfather with you. You may be a woman so pretty that all the men at the station would be ready to die for you, but they won't be able to help you buy a train ticket to the place you want. But as soon as you'll find one person who can speak English, your problem will be solved. For that matter, he can be a space alien or an android. The only thing that matters is that the two of you are able to communicate in a language you both understand. Race, religion, cultural traditions or common ancestry haven't got anything to do with it.

That's what the people like Justin McCarthy who have the fortune to belong to the empire-ruling ethnic groups fail to understand. It is easy for them to think that ethnicity is meaningless, because they are used to everyone else having to learn their native language, and never the other way around.

The imperialist countries cynically refer to the ban on minority-language schools as "equal rights for everyone", while in reality they divide people into two castes – those who are allowed to get education in their native language, and those who have to do it in a foreign language. Obviously, that's the opposite of equality. It's like fish, birds and dogs having to "equally" live in an aquarium. The reason why imperialist governments twist the meaning of equality in such a blatantly perverse way is not hard to figure out. The imperialist nations' historical way of life is to fare war against weaker nations, to devour other peoples' lands and to assimilate their inhabitants. The emergence of nation-states reversed that process. (Of course, Germany and Italy were no nation-states. They were empires that simply emerged later than the British, Russian or French empires.) The concept of ethnic groups' self-determination is a deadly threat to the remaining empires. It negates the very justification for their existence. That is why imperialist nations do all they can to trivialise ethnicity and indeed obscure the very term.

As an example of the latter, the German-language Wikipedia consistently refers to Bulgarians living in Bessarabia as "Bessarabische Bulgaren", as if they were somehow different from the Bulgarians who live in Bulgaria. Whenever they bring information about the ethnic composition of one or another location or region in Bosnia-Herzegovina, it's always so-and-so many "Bosnische Serben" – as if Serbs whose homes happen to be on the Bosnian side of a line arbitrarily drawn on the map as a result of an Austrian-Turkish war in the past weren't exactly the same Serbs as the ones who live 10 or 100 kilometres further on the territory of Serbia.

Back in the 1990's, during the war in Artsah (Mountain Karabah), I don't think I ever saw German newspapers write just about "Armenians" or just about "Azerbaijanis". It was always "Christian Armenians" and "Muslim Azerbaijanis". Similarly, during the Abhazian war of independence, the word "Georgians" was always preceded by the word "Christian" and the word "Abhazians" by the word "Muslim" (which isn't even true, but that's a different story). The media felt they just had to constantly tell the people that it was not an ethnic but a religious war. Of course, the Germans of today need ethnic nihilism for a completely different reason than the French or English – any suggestion that state borders should correspond to ethnic borders might bring the peoples' thoughts to the unspeakable idea that the Germans and Austrians might have something in common.

A yet different reason for ethnic nihilism can be found in Latin America, where the break-up of the Spanish empire gave birth to a number of predominantly Spanish-speaking countries that obviously bear no connection to ethnicity. It is common in their offical statistics to refer to race as "ethnicity". The government doesn't care how many people are native Spanish speakers, how many are native Quechuan speakers, and so on. You can see detailed information on the numbers of Spanish, Quechuan, Aymara etc. speaking people in Quechuan-language Wikipedia, but the authors of the corresponding pages in Spanish apparently find that information irrelevant. Human beings speak Spanish and that's the end of it. Needless to say, the same nonsense about ethnic groups "White", "Mestizo", "Mulatto" etc. can be seen in English-language Wikipedia.

Admittedly, language and ethnicity are not entirely the same thing. There are anomalies such as the Serbs and Croats who speak the same language but hate each other's guts, and the British Isles where groups of people speaking the same language have separate ethnic identitites. Although, mind you, after gaining their independence, Croatians were quick to declare the Zagreb literary standard a separate Croatian language and indeed to strive to melt the Čakavian and Kajkavian "dialects" into the standard (Štakavian) language to build a truly Croatian language as different from Serbian as possible. Similarly, the Bosniaks and even Montenegrins declared their regional versions of Serbocroatian into separate languages in order to strengthen their ethnic identity. And I hardly need to tell you how desperately the Irish cling to their all-but-dead language, because the water between two islands and a different religion just don't seem enough to separate them from the British they hate. (Not that they actually want to speak Irish, but they so need it for the show.) But I'm digressing. I am not trying to write a comprehensive treatise on national identity here. I am merely saying that to suggest that race and ethnicity are the same thing is utterly mistaken, and although language and ethnicity are not the same thing, they have very much in common. For the imperialist nations, the insistence that ethnicity is meaningless and nationalism is evil, is a means to force the members of the subjugated ethnic groups to speak the ruling language, which is the surest and quickest way for them to lose their ethnic identity and to become members of the ruling nation after a few generations.

When the Germans, French, Russians and English insist that all people are equal regardless of ethnicity, what they really mean is: "You are our beloved brother as long as you speak our language, because we're not going to learn yours." When everyone in France is required by law to conduct all their official business in French, it's easy for the French to embrace their "particularité régionale", and they just don't understand what the Basques and the Corsicans are not satisfied with. In the overwhelming majority of cases it's not even hypocrisy. They honestly don't understand what the problem is, because they have never had to explain to their children why they have to read schoolbooks in a language they don't understand. When the members of the ruling ethnic group are stopped by the police, they get their rights explained in their native language. When they get sick, they are brought to a doctor who speaks their native language. When they ask something from the authorities, they can fill out the official forms in their native language. So they spend their lives never realising what a privilege it is that you can take care of all your necessities in a language you are able to understand without any effort. The French or the English can't even begin to imagine what it's like to live at your home, in the country of your ancestors, surrounded by people like you, speaking your language, but having to read street signs in a foreign language, watch television in a foreign language, and being expected to switch to the language of the ruling ethnic group whenever one of them happens to be in the earshot.

The Russians don't understand it either. They keep sneering at Estonians for not "wanting" to speak Russian. I have the impression that many Russians honestly believe that the Estonians' enmity towards the Soviet Union was (largely) due to their groundless stubborn aversion to speaking Russian. Just as the English, French and, to a lesser extent, Germans, they are used to living their lives without (almost) ever having to speak a language other than their native one, and are thus incapable of realising that the failure to truly master a foreign language has much more to do with inborn talent than with wanting. Which brings me back to the point I started this article with.

When you have never lived in a foreign-language environment, it is difficult for you to realise how it is not just a minor inconvenience, but a major impediment affecting virtually all areas of life. Having to use a language you are not proficient in at school, shop, court, hospital etc. is a burden of an entirely different scope than discrimination based on religion, cultural habits or sexual preferences. Forcing the ruling language on linguistic minorities, the negation, trivialization and obscuration of ethnicity practiced in numerous countries, is really a form of genocide.

Первые глаголы

Это введение в спряжение для начинающих, которые только недавно начали заниматься эстонским языком.

ela + ma = elama

ela + da = elada         ela(da) + nud = elanud

ela + n = elan             ela + si + n = elasin

живу:                                           жил:

mina elan                        mina elasin

sina elad                         sina elasid

tema elab                        tema elas

meie elame                     meie elasime

teie elate                         teie elasite

nemad elavad                 nemad elasid

ei ela                               ei elanud

«Elama» – глагол, который часто используется в книгах как пример спряжения, потому что он совершенно регулярен во всех формах.

Kas te elate Leedus? – Вы живёте в Литве?

Minu vanemad elavad Venemaal. – Мои родители живут в России.

Nils elab Taanis. – Нилс живёт в Дании.

Varem elasime me Saksamaal. – Раньше мы жили в Германии.

Praegu elan ma Poolas. – Сейчас я живу в Польше.

Попробуйте самостоятельно написать по-эстонски:

Раньше я жил в Литве.

tule + ma = tulema

tule + da = tulla           tul(la) + nud = tulnud

tule + n = tulen            tule + (s)i + n = tulin

приду:                                            пришёл:

mina tulen                         mina tulin

sina tuled                          sina tulid

tema tuleb                         tema tuli

meie tuleme                      meie tulime

teie tulete                          teie tulite

nemad tulevad                  nemad tulid

ei tule                                ei tulnud

Tulge sööma! – (при)Идите поесть!

Tule palun siia! – Иди сюда, пожалуйста!

Isa tuli koju. – Папа пришёл домой.

Kas sa saad homme tulla? – Ты можешь прийти завтра?

Nad ei saa praegu tulla. – Они сейчас не могут прийти.

Попробуйте самостоятельно написать по-эстонски:

Мы пришли поесть.

ole + ma = olema

ole + da = olla            ol(la) + nud = olnud

ole + n = olen             ole + (s)i + n = olin

есть:                                             был:

mina olen                         mina olin

sina oled                          sina olid

tema on                            tema oli

meie oleme                      meie olime

teie olete                          teie olite

nemad on                         nemad olid

ei ole                                ei olnud

Кажется, в более или менее всех языках глагол «быть» является нерегулярным, и эстонский язык не исключение. Но эта нерегулярность небольшая – «on» вместо «oleb» в третьем лице ед.ч. и «on» вместо «olevad» в третьем лице мн.ч.

Kas te olete praegu Venemaal? – Вы сейчас в России?

Soomes on hea elada. – В Финляндии хорошо жить. (живётся хорошо)

Lätis ei ole halb elada. – В Латвии не плохо жить.

Kas Leedus on halb elada. – В Литве плохо жить?

Varem oli Eestis halb elada. – Раньше в Эстонии было плохо жить.

Попробуйте самостоятельно написать по-эстонски:

В Эстонии не хорошо жить?

tege + ma = tegema

tege + da = teha          te(ha) + nud = teinud

tege + n = teen            tege + (s)i + n = tegin

делаю:                                           делал:

mina teen                          mina tegin

sina teed                           sina tegid

tema teeb                          tema tegi

meie teeme                       meie tegime

teie teete                           teie tegite

nemad teevad                   nemad tegid

ei tee                                 ei teinud

Глаголы, которыми пользуются часто, склонны к нерегулярности. Я не знаю, как говорили эстонцы 500 или 1000 лет назад, но возможно, что когда-то этот глагол выглядел чем-то вроде tehema, teheda, tehen, и в течение столетий «tehema» превратилось в «tegema», «teheda» превратилось в «teha» и «tehen» превратилось в «teen».

Ema teeb õhtusööki. – Мама готовит ужин.

Me teeme tööd. – Мы работаем. (прямо сейчас заняты работой)

Kas sa tegid õhtusöögi valmis? – Ты приготовил ужин?

Miks nad tööd teevad? – Почему они работают?

Kas sa oled kunagi tööd teinud? – Ты когда-нибудь работал?

Попробуйте самостоятельно написать по-эстонски:

Почему вы не работаете?

tead + ma = teadma

tead + da = teada         teada + nud = teadnud

tead + n = tean             tead + si + n = teadsin

знаю:                                               знал:

mina tean                           mina teadsin

sina tead                            sina teadsid

tema teab                           tema teadis

meie teame                        meie teadsime

teie teate                            teie teadsite

nemad teavad                    nemad teadsid

ei tea                                  ei teadnud

Ma teadsin, et sa tuled. – Я знал, что ты придёшь.

Ta ei tea, et me siin oleme. – Он не знает, что мы здесь.

Nad teadsid, kus sa elad. – Они знали, где ты живёшь.

Kas sa tead, kes see on? – Ты знаешь, кто это?

Miks sa ei tea, kus ma elan? – Почему ты не знаешь, где я живу?

Попробуйте самостоятельно написать по-эстонски:

Он знает, где вы живёте?

 

Список моих статей на русском языке

 

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Представляемся на эстонском языке

Tere! Minu nimi on Jan. Ma olen kolmekümne kahe aastane. Olen pärit Soomest. Rahvuselt olen rootslane. Ma elan Taanis Kopenhaagenis.

Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Ян. Мне 32 года. Я из Финляндии. По национальности я швед. Я живу в Дании, в Копенгагене.

Некоторые важные выражения

Tere! – Здравствуй(те)!

Tere hommikust! – Доброе утро!

Tere päevast! – Добрый день!

Tere õhtust! – Добрый вечер!

Tervist! – Привет!

Head aega! – До свидания!

Nägemist! – До свидания! Пока!

Aitäh! – Спасибо!

Vabandust! Vabandage! – Извините! Прошу прощения!

Palun! – Пожалуйста! Прошу!

Jah. = Jaa. – Да.

Ei. – Нет.

Как сказать свой возраст?

            именительный                      родительный

0          null                                      nulli

1          üks                                      ühe

2          kaks                                    kahe

3          kolm                                    kolme

4          neli                                      nelja

5          viis                                       viie

6          kuus                                    kuue

7          seitse                                  seitsme

8          kaheksa                               kaheksa

9          üheksa                                 üheksa

10        kümme                                 kümne

11        üksteist                                üheteistkümne

12        kaksteist                              kaheteistkümne

13        kolmteist                              kolmeteistkümne

19        üheksateist                           üheksateistkümne

20        kakskümmend                      kahekümne     

21        kakskümmend üks                kahekümne ühe

30        kolmkümmend                      kolmekümne

40        nelikümmend                        neljakümne

90        üheksakümmend                  üheksakümne

100      sada                                    saja

101      sada üks                              saja ühe

123      sada kakskümmend kolm      saja kahekümne kolme

Мне 10 лет. – Ma olen kümneaastane. = Ma olen kümme aastat vana. («десять лет стар»)

Мне 21 год. – Ma olen kahekümne ühe aastane. = Ma olen kakskümmend üks aastat vana.

Ребёнку 3 месяца. – Laps on kolmekuune. = Laps on kolm kuud vana.

Спряжение

elama – жить, проживать

mina elan – я живу

sina elad – ты живёшь

tema elab – он/она/оно живёт

meie elame – мы живём

teie elate – вы живёте

nemad elavad – они живут

глагол «olema» (есть) – нерегулярный

mina olen

sina oled

tema on (не oleb)

meie oleme

teie olete

nemad on (не olevad)

pärit olema (...st) – быть родом (из ...)

mina olen pärit

sina oled pärit

tema on pärit

meie oleme pärit

teie olete pärit

nemad on pärit

В эстонском языке нет разницы между словами «он», «она» и «оно».

Личное местоимение можно упустить, когда и без него понятно, о ком идёт речь:

Ma olen rootslane. = Olen rootslane.

В разговорном языке личное местоимение обычно всё-таки оставляют. Людям просто нравится так говорить. Но в письменном языке оно часто упускается.

Нельзя упускать глагол «есть».

Я турист. – Ma olen turist.

Мы рады. – Me oleme rõõmsad.

Это гостиница. – See on hotell.

Аэропорт там. – Lennujaam on seal.

У личных местоимений имеются длинные и короткие формы:

mina = ma

sina = sa

tema = ta

meie = me

teie = te

nemad = nad

Длинная форма используется, когда на местоимении ударение.

Mis su nimi on? – Mari. Mis sinu nimi on? – Minu nimi on Peeter.

Как тебя зовут? – Мари. А тебя как зовут? – Меня зовут Пеэтер.

Названия стран и национальностей

	страна	национальность (м, ж)	национальность (ж)	язык	я родом из...	я живу в...
Эстония	Eesti	eestlane	eestlanna	eesti keel	Eestist	Eestis
Латвия	Läti	lätlane	lätlanna	läti keel	Lätist	Lätis
Литва	Leedu	leedulane	leedulanna	leedu keel	Leedust	Leedus
Россия	Venemaa	venelane	venelanna	vene keel	Venemaalt	Venemaal
Финляндия	Soome	soomlane	soomlanna	soome keel	Soomest	Soomes
Швеция	Rootsi	rootslane	rootslanna	rootsi keel	Rootsist	Rootsis
Дания	Taani	taanlane	taanlanna	taani keel	Taanist	Taanis
Норвегия	Norra	norralane	norralanna	norra keel	Norrast	Norras
Германия	Saksamaa	sakslane	sakslanna	saksa keel	Saksamaalt	Saksamaal
Франция	Prantsusmaa	prantslane	prantslanna	prantsuse keel	Prantsusmaalt	Prantsusmaal
Англия	Inglismaa	inglane	inglanna	inglise keel	Inglismaalt	Inglismaal

Учтите, что «в России» будет не «Venemaas», a «Venemaal». Именно поэтому эстонцы на русском языке часто ошибочно говорят «на России».

Мужская форма национальности подходит и женщинам. «Inglane» может означать либо «англичанин», либо «англичанка». «Inglanna» говорят только тогда, когда хотят подчеркнуть, что речь идёт о женщине.

Названия стран и языков легко узнать, открыв соответствующую страницу в русской Википедии и нажав на «Eesti» в списке языков. (Если у Вас настройки, в которых часть языков скрыты, нажмите сначала на «English» и после «Eesti».)

Из названия языка нельзя упустить слово «язык».

Я знаю английский и немецкий. = Ma oskan inglise ja saksa keelt. (NB! Также, как на русском языке, здесь не именительный падеж, а винительный.)

Эстонские названия некоторых населённых пунктов по традиции отличаются от международных. Например:

Riia – Rīga (Рига)

Helsingi – Helsinki (Хельсинки)

Pihkva – Псков

Peterburi – Санкт-Петербург

Varssavi – Warszawa (Варшава)

Lüübek – Lübeck (Любек)

Berliin – Berlin (Берлин)

Viin – Wien (Вена)

Pariis – Paris (Париж)

Rooma – Roma (Рим)

Опять, Википедия поможет выяснить, какое название обычно используется.

В названии «Moskva» ударение на «o»: [мОсква].

Также Leningrad – [лЭнинградь].

Вопросы

Mis su nimi on? – Как тебя зовут?

Kui vana sa oled? – Сколько тебе лет?

Mis rahvusest sa oled? – Кто ты по национальности?

Kust sa pärit oled? – Откуда ты родом?

Kus sa elad? – Где ты живёшь?

И соответственно:

Mis teie nimi on?

Kui vana te olete?

Mis rahvusest te olete?

Kust te pärit olete?

Kus te elate?

К чужим людям обращаются на «Вы». Эстония – не Финляндия. Однако, эстонцы значительно легче, чем русские, переходят на «ты». (подробнее)

 

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